AMMONIA: A CLEAN FUEL FOR A CLEANER FUTURE

Abstract

This paper explores the potential of ammonia as a clean fuel for the maritime industry, aiming to achieve the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) ambitious decarbonisation targets.  A SWOT analysis is conducted to assess the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats associated with ammonia adoption as marine fuel.

Ammonia boasts advantages like zero CO₂ emissions, and higher energy density compared to hydrogen (reducing storage space needed). However, there are challenges such as the high reliance on fossil fuels for current ammonia production, the need for stricter safety protocols and crew training, and potential engine modifications for existing ships.

On the other hand, developing a global green ammonia supply chain presents a significant opportunity for economic development, particularly for countries rich in renewable energy sources. Technological advancements in storage solutions and ammonia's ability to act as a hydrogen carrier further enhance its appeal.

Some of the identified threats are the requirement of significant investments in infrastructure, ship modifications, and green ammonia production facilities.  Standardized regulations and public acceptance regarding ammonia safety remain hurdles to overcome.  The emergence of competing zero-carbon alternatives also presents a potential threat.

Safety considerations of using ammonia as fuel require studies to identify potential hazards and risks and what safeguards should be implemented to prevent or mitigate the major hazards. One of the key preventive measures is crew training.  Standardized training programs focused on the properties, safe handling procedures, and emergency response protocols for ammonia as a fuel are crucial.